Mechanisms and therapeutic targets for neuropathic itch

Neuropathic pruritus conditions arise from structural and/or functional damage of the peripheral or central nervous system. Novel findings of pruritus specific mediators and pathways strengthen the specificity theory of pruritus transmission, however electrophysiological studies suggest that focal activation of nociceptors and distinct discharge patterns of primary afferents also contribute to the development of the sensation of pruritus. A complex interplay between excitatory and inhibitory interneurons at spinal level, non-neuronal cells and descending modulation from upper centers contributes to neuronal sensitization and clinically to the chronicity of pruritus, as well as accompanying phenomena such as alloknesis and hyperknesis. Several topical, systemic and non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches directed at distinct targets are currently available.     

福建省土地利用碳排放空间关联性与碳平衡分区

全球变暖与二氧化碳浓度升高密不可分，在工业化及城镇化发展过程中，人类对土地的利用和改造是造成全球大气中含碳量迅速增加的重要原因，且土地在利用过程中碳减排的潜力较大。因此，从不同土地利用方式视角研究福建省碳排放量，采用基尼系数来衡量福建省各设区市碳收支的空间差异，探索区域内土地利用碳收支规模和空间分异；运用社会网络分析方法对福建省土地利用碳排放空间网络结构的整体特征和设区市在网络结构中的角色进行考察，有助于从基础层面对人类活动所造成的环境影响进行评估，及时调整土地利用方式从而促进低碳经济发展。结果表明：2006-2018年福建省土地利用净碳排放量逐年递增，呈现东高西低的空间分布特征，建设用地是主要碳源，而林地起到主要碳汇的作用；区域内碳补偿率逐年递减且存在明显的空间差异，经济较发达的区域碳补偿率低于经济欠发达的区域，生态承载系数东西差距不断加强，东部地区碳排放的比例明显超过了碳吸收的比例；福建省土地利用碳排放在空间上具有明显的关联性和溢出效应，碳排放空间关联网络越来越复杂、稳定，各设区市在网络中所处地位和作用存在明显的不均衡性，厦门市在整个碳排放网络中占据领导地位，其他城市的碳影响力在网络中的地位及作用随着经济联系逐渐加强正在逐步提高；对网络空间聚类发现，第一模块和第三模块对模块内外均有溢出效应且密度值较大，属于"双向溢出模块"，其余第二、四模块均属于"净收益模块"。在研究的基础上将福建省各设区市分为3类区域：低碳优化区、碳总量控制区和碳汇功能区，并提出协同减排的差异性对策建议。     

基于4种生态位模型的金钱松潜在适生区预测

金钱松（Pseudolarix amabilis）是我国特有孑遗植物，为国家II级保护植物。基于4种生态位模型（GARP、Bioclim、Domain和Maxent）预测金钱松潜在适生区，采用受试者工作特征曲线（Receiver Operating Characteristic，ROC）和Kappa统计量检验模型的预测效果。预测结果表明金钱松在浙江西北部、安徽南部、湖北南部、湖南北部以及江西北部表现为高度适生，并以这些地带为中心向外延伸至北纬24.43°-33.35°和东经106.41°-123.42°之间，4种模型预测结果的受试者工作特征曲线下面积（Area under recriver operating characteristic curve，AUC）平均值均大于0.9，Kappa平均值亦大于0.75，精度较高。通过"刀切法"分析得出年均温是预测金钱松潜在适生区的关键影响因子，可能为当前金钱松分布格局形成的决定因素。模拟金钱松在末次盛冰期和2070年气候条件下的分布，结果表明其分布格局随气候变化由"南扩北缩"变为"南缩北扩"，未来分布面积将大幅减小，气候变化是导致其"南缩北扩"的主要驱动因子。建议在当前金钱松高适分布区域内（江西铜鼓县、湖南张家界和衡阳）建立自然保护区或种子园，并在未来气候条件下高适分布区域内（如安徽北部、河南南部、湖北东南部等地）通过人工引种辅助金钱松的北向迁移。     

Synergetic utilization of glucose and glycerol for efficient myo-inositol biosynthesis

myo-Inositol (MI) as a dietary supplement can provide various health benefits. One major challenge to its efficient biosynthesis is to achieve proper distribution of carbon flux between growth and production. Herein, this challenge was overcome by synergetic utilization of glucose and glycerol. Specifically, glycerol was catabolized to support cell growth while glucose was conserved as the building block for MI production. Growth and production were coupled via the phosphotransferase system, and both modules were optimized to achieve efficient production. First, the optimal enzyme combination was established for the production module. It was observed that enhancing the production module resulted in both increased MI production and better cell growth. In addition, glucose was shown to inhibit glycerol utilization via carbon catabolite repression and the inhibition was released by over-expressing glycerol kinase. Furthermore, the inducible promoter was replaced by strong constitutive promoters to avoid inducer use. With these efforts, the final strain produced MI with both high titer and yield. In fed-batch cultivation, 76 g/L of MI was produced, showing scale-up potential. This study provides a promising strategy to achieve rational distribution of carbon flux.     

Carbon emissions performance of commercial logging in East Kalimantan,Indonesia

Adoption of reduced‐impact logging (RIL) methods could reduce CO₂ emissions by 30–50% across at least 20% of remaining tropical forests. We developed two cost effective and robust indices for comparing the climate benefits (reduced CO₂ emissions) due to RIL. The indices correct for variability in the volume of commercial timber among concessions. We determined that a correction for variability in terrain slope was not needed. We found that concessions certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC, N = 3), when compared with noncertified concessions (N = 6), did not have lower overall CO₂ emissions from logging activity (felling, skidding, and hauling). On the other hand, FSC certified concessions did have lower emissions from one type of logging impact (skidding), and we found evidence of a range of improved practices using other field metrics. One explanation of these results may be that FSC criteria and indicators, and associated RIL practices, were not designed to achieve overall emissions reductions. Also, commonly used field metrics are not reliable proxies for overall logging emissions performance. Furthermore, the simple distinction between certified and noncertified concessions does not fully represent the complex history of investments in improved logging practices. To clarify the relationship between RIL and emissions reductions, we propose the more explicit term ‘RIL‐C’ to refer to the subset of RIL practices that can be defined by quantified thresholds and that result in measurable emissions reductions. If tropical forest certification is to be linked with CO₂ emissions reductions, certification standards need to explicitly require RIL‐C practices.     

内蒙古大青山华北落叶松人工林乔木层碳密度年增量与气象因子的关系

以内蒙古大青山华北落叶松人工林为研究对象，通过树木年轮法和异速生长方程法，计算华北落叶松人工林生物量、碳密度及其年增量的年际变化，并分析碳密度年增量与气温、降水、湿度等气象因子的关系。研究发现：华北落叶松人工林碳密度随着林龄增加的变化曲线可用逻辑斯谛生长方程拟合，在1979—2016年，碳密度由1.05 t/hm~2增加到76.83 t/hm~2。华北落叶松人工林碳密度年增量存在显著的年际差异，总体上呈波动性的“慢-快-慢”趋势，碳密度年增量最高达到3.72 t hm^-2 a^-1,多年平均为2.05 t hm^-2 a^-1。华北落叶松人工林碳密度年增量与上年6月和当年6—8月的降水量显著正相关，与上年11月降水显著负相关；与上年11—12月、当年2月和12月的温度和大气相对湿度分别呈正、负相关；与上年7月、9月及当年8—9月的温度保持显著或极显著正相关。研究表明，温度、湿度和降水主要通过生长季的长短和土壤可利用水分及冬季的雪害冻害影响华北落叶松人工林的碳汇潜力，在未来该地区升温增湿的气候变化趋势下华北...     

长江经济带林地和其他生物质碳储量及碳汇量研究

以全国林业应对气候变化碳汇计量监测体系建设结果数据为基础，应用森林碳库专项调查建立的碳计量模型和参数，结合历次森林资源清查成果等数据，估算了2020年长江经济带林地和其他生物质碳储量和碳汇量。研究表明：（1）2020年长江经济带林地碳储量24543.58 Tg C （其中森林植被碳储量为4372.85Tg C），散生木和四旁树等其他生物质碳储量329.59 Tg C。2020年长江经济带林地碳汇量81.81 Tg C/a （300.26Tg CO₂/a）、散生木和四旁树等其他生物质碳汇量6.60 Tg C/a （24.21 Tg CO₂/a）。无论是林地和其他生物质碳储量、碳汇量、还是森林植被碳储量，乔木林地所占比例最大（69%-85%）；长江经济带11个省市中，云南省最大，上海市最小；林地碳储量中土壤有机质碳库贡献最大（81.46%），林地碳汇量中生物量碳库贡献最大（90.99%）；林地碳汇量中"一直为林地的土地"产生碳汇量贡献最大（71.74%），其中一直为乔木林的土地产生的碳汇量占69.89%；（2）阐述了长江防护林工程、天然林资源保护工程、珠江防护林工程和沿海防护林工程4大重点生态工程对长江经济带碳储量和碳汇量的贡献，长江防护林工程贡献率最大（81%-83%），其次是天然林资源保护工程（32%-38%），珠江防护林工程和沿海防护林工程影响较小。分析了人工造林、中幼林抚育、次生林和低效林改造、退化林修复等生态保护修复措施对长江经济带碳储量和碳汇量的贡献，并提出了碳中和愿景下森林固碳增汇的有效途径。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对云南石漠化土壤呼吸的影响

为探明"丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhiza，AM）真菌-植物-土壤"耦合作用对石漠化土壤呼吸季节动态的影响，采用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室和便携式光合作用测量系统，对圆柏（Sabina chinensis）接种摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae，FM）、根内根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus intraradices，RI）2种AM菌种处理下土壤呼吸季节动态进行野外连续定位观测，并探究AM真菌接种处理下石漠化土壤呼吸速率与植物生长、土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明：（1）相较于对照，接种AM真菌对石漠化生境土壤呼吸季节动态产生了显著影响（P<0.01）。AM真菌处理具有较高的土壤呼吸季节变化幅度，即根内根孢囊霉处理土壤呼吸速率（1.55-9.10 μmol m^-2 s^-1）显著高于摩西斗管囊霉（1.62-8.29 μmol m^-2 s^-1）和对照（1.23-4.46 μmol m^-2 s^-1）；（2） AM真菌接种处理下土壤温湿度变化对土壤呼吸的影响显著大于对照，即土壤温度与水分对土壤呼吸的平均解释量大小顺序为：RI （44.84%；52.35%）>FM （17.18%；41.65%）>CK （2.66%；16.55%）；（3）2种菌种处理下土壤呼吸速率均与土壤有机质、硝态氮、全氮、速效钾、树高、胸径及根系生物量呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.01或0.05），而与pH呈极显著负相关（P<0.01），但对照处理土壤呼吸速率除与pH呈显著负相关（P<0.05）外，与其它土壤理化指标相关性不显著；（4）土壤温度和水分、硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质、易氧化有机碳、速效钾、全氮及全磷对土壤呼吸变化的贡献最大，而胸径、树高、有效磷、微生物生物量、根系生物量及pH的影响次之。因此，"AM真菌-寄主植物-土壤"相互作用对石漠化生境土壤呼吸季节动态的影响，主要取决于不同AM真菌接种处理对土壤微气候（如含水量）、碳素（有机质、易氧化有机碳）、无机氮库（铵态氮、硝态氮）、根系生物量及磷钾养分可利用性的调控。     

Warming increases soil carbon input in a Sibiraea angustata-dominated alpine shrub ecosystem

Plant-derived carbon (C) inputs via foliar litter, root litter and root exudates are key drivers of soil organic C stocks. However, the responses of these three input pathways to climate warming have rarely been studied in alpine shrublands. By employing a 3-year warming experiment (increased by 1.3 °C), we investigated the effects of warming on the relative C contributions from foliar litter, root litter and root exudates from Sibiraea angustata, a dominant shrub species in an alpine shrubland on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The soil organic C inputs from foliar litter, root litter and root exudates were 77.45, 90.58 and 26.94 g C m⁻², respectively. Warming only slightly increased the soil organic C inputs from foliar litter and root litter by 8.04 and 11.13 g C m⁻², but significantly increased the root exudate C input by 15.40 g C m⁻². Warming significantly increased the relative C contributions of root exudates to total C inputs by 4.6% but slightly decreased those of foliar litter and root litter by 2.5% and 2.1%, respectively. Our results highlight that climate warming may stimulate plant-derived C inputs into soils mainly through root exudates rather than litter in alpine shrublands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

城市近郊型乡镇农业生态经济系统生态潜力及产业空间布局——以延安市河庄坪镇为例

生态脆弱区抗干扰能力弱，明确其系统的生态潜力，在潜力的基础上开发利用资源对区域的可持续发展具有重要的意义。研究基于生态系统服务价值视角，尝试测度农业生态经济系统生态潜力，同时以三产融合典型代表乡镇为研究对象，对其农业生态经济系统生态潜力和主导产业进行时空分析，最后对生态系统加以功能分区。结果显示：（1）气体调节、气候调节、水源涵养和土壤形成与保护是生态系统提供的主要服务功能。随退耕还林工程实施，林地面积的增加使生态系统服务价值量随之上升，在空间上呈现"中间低两翼高"的格局。（2）农业生态经济系统生态潜力受服务价值与资源开发过程影响，与生态系统服务价值在空间上相对一致，呈现出"两翼高中间低，北高南低"的分布格局，其中，退耕还林工程的推进直接导致林地的生态潜力增加，耕地的生态潜力减少。（3）研究区在退耕过程中形成以大棚种植为主的设施农业、以农林特色销售为主的商品型种植农业，以山地苹果为主的林果产业以及以酒店商贸为主的服务行业。并随城镇一体化的推进，主导产业呈现出由传统粗放型大田种植向集约型设施农业方向发展。在空间上形成了以镇区分布为主的第三产业、依托拐沟坡地的林果产业和沿川道展开的设施农业的产业布局。（4）基于生态系统服务价值，研究区农业生态经济系统功能区划分为城镇生态环境维护区（第Ⅰ类型区）、农业生态保护区（第Ⅱ类型区）、生态安全屏障区（第Ⅲ类区）3个区域。